![]() For difficult cases (obese patients, swollen limbs, and highly calcified vessels), the ‘abdominal’ convex low-frequency probe can be used for cervicoencephalic arteries (CEA) and limb vessels examinations and the sectorial ‘cardiac’ probe for aorta examinations.Īngle of insonation. US probes vary in shape, size, and emission frequency. This document will focus on the specific aspects of vascular US. But cardiologists can learn a lot from ‘having a look at vessels’ which are a key element of the CV system. For each location (cervicoencephalic, lower limb, and intracranial arteries), a minimal training of 100 exams per year is required. Though cardiologists are very familiar to ultrasonography (US), they must be aware that performing ‘good quality’ vascular US requires a different skill set from echocardiography, a very strict methodology and a formal time-consuming training. 1 General principles of vascular ultrasonography It should be considered as a complement to the ESC-ESVS guidelines. Non-invasive cardiologists may also be interested in getting more familiar to vascular DUS. The main goal of the present document is to provide a set of practical recommendations for imagers who are involved in cardiovascular (CV) diseases or perform vascular procedures. Compared with other vascular imaging techniques, DUS has many advantages: low cost, safety, availability, haemodynamic data, physiological testing, and is most of the time the first-line imaging technique. Angiography is no longer the gold standard, and is mostly limited to endovascular procedures (i.e. Radiation-induced lower limb arteritis 1220Ĭurrently non-invasive vascular imaging includes Duplex ultrasonography (DUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and less used techniques such as transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2), laser Doppler, capillaroscopy, positron emission tomography (PET), and nuclear lymphography. Post-transluminal percutaneous angioplasty/stenting surveillance 1217Ĭomplications of endovascular procedures: false aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula 1218 Radiation-induced carotid atherosclerosis 1208Īortoiliac and lower extremity arteries 1208 Surveillance of carotid stenosis on best medical treatment 1205 Pitfalls in assessment of ICA stenosis 1204 Stenosis and occlusion of carotid arteries 1202 General principles of vascular ultrasonography 1196 Recommendations, ultrasound, Doppler, cervicoencephalic arteries, subclavian artery, abdominal arteries, lower extremity arteries, abdominal aorta aneurysm, popliteal aneurysm, medial arterial calcinosis, arteritis, stent, bypass, false aneurysm, dissection, popliteal entrapment, iliac endofibrosis Table of contents
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